An Overview of Social, Economic, Environmental, and Safety Impacts of Intelligent Electric Vehicles

Internet of Things (IoT) can connect millions of devices, objects, appliances,

sensors, and applications together to collect huge amount of data for multipurpose applications.

It requires an efficient network to carry out these processes in a faster way which is

accomplished with the help of 5G networking, i.e., ability to provide a very high data rate, etc.

Autonomous vehicles (smart cars) are one of the applications of the IoT which integrates its

components to make smart cars working as robots. Smart cars will have great impact on our

society (like different driving experience, improving accessibility to urban opportunities to

different groups of people, providing a convenient, comfortable, and flexible transportation,

etc.), environment (like fuel consumption, gas emissions, land use, and urban spatial structure,

etc.), economy (many current practices will close with new opportunities), and safety/security

(software failures, denial of service, eavesdropping, hijacking, etc.). These impacts will be

profound, particularly for level 5 automation smart cars.

This research analyzes key aspects of the autonomous vehicles with respect to these issues

along with ethical dilemmas. This study clearly shows that lots of work still needs to be done

by the manufacturers, the vendors, the industry, and the governments in order to make this

technology adaptable. The study also describes that until now many aspects of this technology

are also ambiguous, i.e., technology will have positive or a negative impacts, which group of

the society will get more benefits, and which group might be affected negatively, etc.

Therefore, the study highlights the need of more empirical results from industry, and research

community in order to make a conclusion of the impacts of the technology. Similarly, greater

emphasis should be given to the safety and security because if this technology is not a hundred

percent safe, it will not be widely accepted. An attack on a smart car does not only threaten the

safety and privacy of drivers, passengers and everyone traveling on the road, but also has a big

impact on the auto industry, i.e., millions of cars have already been recalled in many cases.

Finally, the research also highlights different challenges/issues faced by this technology. The

research also proposes recommendations and solutions in order to handle these current and

future challenges keeping in view that the security/safety is one of the biggest challenges for

the autonomous vehicles (AVS). At the end, the research also proposes a new comprehensive

layered architecture for the AVS with particular focus towards security and safety of the AVs

and making it safer and reliable as compared to the existing architecture.

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